Unveiling the Layers of Research Paradigms: A Philosophical Journey in International Relations
In the realm of International Relations (IR), the lens through which individuals perceive and interpret the world is encapsulated in what we call a paradigm — a philosophical way of thinking. In simpler terms, a paradigm shapes how one views and makes sense of the ‘world’ within the context of IR. Elements such as the unit of analysis, key problems to be explained, and the theories employed are integral components observed within the IR paradigm. Moreover, individuals who share similar viewpoints and beliefs form what is known as a school of thought.
Building one’s paradigm involves various influencing factors, namely epistemology, ontology, methodology, and axiology. Let’s delve into each of these components to unravel the intricacies of constructing a paradigm.
Epistemology (Knowledge): At its core, epistemology focuses on the theory of knowledge and the assumptions and beliefs about the ‘origin of knowledge.’ Essentially, it seeks answers to questions such as “Where and how do we acquire knowledge or data?” Epistemology provides the philosophical foundations for the formation of valid knowledge and the means to attain it.
Ontology (Assumption): Ontology pertains to the ‘origin of things’ and is concerned with how assumptions are formed to instill a belief that something is plausible. It addresses the question, “How can these assumptions exist?” In the context of IR, ontology aids in understanding the nature of the international system and the entities interacting within it.
Methodology (Research Design): Methodology involves well-planned approaches, methods, and procedures for investigating a subject. It encompasses the steps of conducting research, acknowledging its limitations, and mitigating them. The concept of triangulation, where researchers with different paradigms but similar thoughts enhance the credibility of data, becomes pertinent here. Triangulation, in research, refers to the use of multiple methods or data sources to augment the credibility and validity of findings.
Axiology (Ethics): Axiology is intertwined with ethical issues in research, or other words, the “moral aspect” of a study. It is influenced by the researcher’s ontological and epistemological stance.
In the realm of research, ontological and epistemological considerations are crucial for understanding the philosophical assumptions that underpin the research process. This understanding allows researchers to select the most appropriate paradigm for their projects, ensuring that their research is firmly grounded in a robust philosophical foundation.
In essence, unraveling the layers of research paradigms in IR provides researchers with a roadmap to navigate the complexities of knowledge acquisition, assumptions, research design, and ethical considerations. By embracing a comprehensive understanding of these elements, researchers can embark on a more informed and deliberate journey toward contributing meaningfully to the field of International Relations.
